Event {E}: on October 1, 2022, the PCSO Grand Lotto in the Philippines, which draws six numbers from {1} to {55} at random, managed to draw the numbers {9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54} (though the balls were actually drawn in the order {9, 45,36, 27, 18, 54}). In other words, they drew exactly six multiples of nine from {1} to {55}. In addition, a total of {433} tickets were bought with this winning combination, whose owners then had to split the {236} million peso jackpot (about {4} million USD) among themselves.
Null hypothesis {H_0}: The lottery is run in a completely fair and random fashion.
Alternative hypothesis {H_1}: The lottery is rigged by some corrupt officials for their personal gain.
Alternative hypothesis {H'_1}: The lottery is rigged by a cult that worships the multiples of {9}, and views October 1 as their holiest day. On this day, they will manipulate the lottery to only select those balls that are multiples of {9}.
So then with substitution:
Remark 1: The contrast between alternative hypothesis that "the lottery is rigged by some corrupt officials for their personal gain" and alternative hypothesis that "the lottery is rigged by a cult that worships the multiples of {9}, and views October 1 as their holiest day. On this day, they will manipulate the lottery to only select those balls that are multiples of {9}" illustrates a common demagogical rhetorical technique when an advocate is trying to convince an audience of an alternative hypothesis, namely to use suggestive language (“`I’m just asking questions here”) rather than precise statements in order to leave the alternative hypothesis deliberately vague. In particular, the advocate may take advantage of the freedom to use a broad formulation of the hypothesis (such as "the lottery is rigged by some corrupt officials for their personal gain") in order to maximize the audience’s prior odds of the hypothesis, simultaneously with a very specific formulation of the hypothesis (such as "the lottery is rigged by a cult that worships the multiples of {9}") in order to maximize the probability of the actual event of "they drew exactly six multiples of nine from {1} to {55}" occurring under this hypothesis. (A related technique is to be deliberately vague about the hypothesized competency of some suspicious actor, so that this actor could be portrayed as being extraordinarily competent when convenient to do so, while simultaneously being portrayed as extraordinarily incompetent when that instead is the more useful hypothesis.) This can lead to wildly inaccurate Bayesian updates of this vague alternative hypothesis, and so precise formulation of such hypothesis is important if one is to approach a topic from anything remotely resembling a scientific approach. [EDIT: as pointed out to me by a reader, this technique is a Bayesian analogue of the motte and bailey fallacy.]
Event {E}: on October 1, 2022, the PCSO Grand Lotto in the Philippines, which draws six numbers from {1} to {55} at random, managed to draw the numbers {9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54} (though the balls were actually drawn in the order {9, 45,36, 27, 18, 54}). In other words, they drew exactly six multiples of nine from {1} to {55}. In addition, a total of {433} tickets were bought with this winning combination, whose owners then had to split the {236} million peso jackpot (about {4} million USD) among themselves.
Null hypothesis {H_0}: The lottery is run in a completely fair and random fashion.
Alternative hypothesis {H_1}: The lottery is rigged by some corrupt officials for their personal gain.
Alternative hypothesis {H'_1}: The lottery is rigged by a cult that worships the multiples of {9}, and views October 1 as their holiest day. On this day, they will manipulate the lottery to only select those balls that are multiples of {9}.
So then with substitution:
Remark 1: The contrast between alternative hypothesis that "the lottery is rigged by some corrupt officials for their personal gain" and alternative hypothesis that "the lottery is rigged by a cult that worships the multiples of {9}, and views October 1 as their holiest day. On this day, they will manipulate the lottery to only select those balls that are multiples of {9}" illustrates a common demagogical rhetorical technique when an advocate is trying to convince an audience of an alternative hypothesis, namely to use suggestive language (“`I’m just asking questions here”) rather than precise statements in order to leave the alternative hypothesis deliberately vague. In particular, the advocate may take advantage of the freedom to use a broad formulation of the hypothesis (such as "the lottery is rigged by some corrupt officials for their personal gain") in order to maximize the audience’s prior odds of the hypothesis, simultaneously with a very specific formulation of the hypothesis (such as "the lottery is rigged by a cult that worships the multiples of {9}") in order to maximize the probability of the actual event of "they drew exactly six multiples of nine from {1} to {55}" occurring under this hypothesis. (A related technique is to be deliberately vague about the hypothesized competency of some suspicious actor, so that this actor could be portrayed as being extraordinarily competent when convenient to do so, while simultaneously being portrayed as extraordinarily incompetent when that instead is the more useful hypothesis.) This can lead to wildly inaccurate Bayesian updates of this vague alternative hypothesis, and so precise formulation of such hypothesis is important if one is to approach a topic from anything remotely resembling a scientific approach. [EDIT: as pointed out to me by a reader, this technique is a Bayesian analogue of the motte and bailey fallacy.]