A lot of newer (last 15 years or so) apartments in Oslo have a mixture of ‘natural’ ventilation through vents that let in cold air and mechanical ventilation in wet rooms, and even newer builds are starting to use ‘balanced’ ventilation that heats up cold outside air using heat from air that is being blown out https://www.byggmakker.no/rad-og-guider/kjokken-og-bad/vet-d...
Yeah, it's obviously a lot more energy-efficient to have proper ventilation.
(Then again, having recently flown back from Norway to the UK one of the things that strikes me every winter is how floodlit Norway looks from the air at night compared to the UK despite far lower population density - Norway is still riding high on the past low energy prices...)
Yes, heated pavements outside the shops, wind turbines on the hills, hydro, gravel roads and the sovereign wealth fund saving the money from oil for the future (check out https://www.nbim.no/, it's about 10Nok to the dollar).
This might be due to road standards where major roads and highways usually have road lights when it’s dark. Most of Oslo’s internal roads are lit up too, as it makes them safer in terms of traffic safety and crime suppression. But this does have a cost which became even more obvious with the wartime energy price spikes.
