Apple powers iCloud Core Data with SQLite. This way it uses the same DB engine locally on your Mac and iPhone, and the server backend in their data centers.
I don't know if they've swapped the backend, or just use it as-is. SQLite can scale vastly if you use it for file IO and do sharding/replication on top of it as a separate concern. I've done ad-hoc (extremely crude) versions of that in some apps.
Yes, we have natural sharding by user. However Core Data also can create shares which multiple users can access. I don't think this typically causes high concurrency, it's more like a Dropbox file share or a Google docs file share for a few users at a time.
This definitely helped them make the choice to run SQLite on the server.
But I still think it's super cool. We're talking 1.8 billion devices with data stored as SQLite files in the cloud.
I don't know if they've swapped the backend, or just use it as-is. SQLite can scale vastly if you use it for file IO and do sharding/replication on top of it as a separate concern. I've done ad-hoc (extremely crude) versions of that in some apps.