You're talking about scalability. The point is that it would have been possible to scale investments based on the the growth of GDP. What was done however, is financing the things you mentioned with debt (debt == future taxes). Debt should not be necessary in my opinion.

Furthermore, I'm irritated by how little impact digitalization of bureaucracy had during the past 30 years. Normally this should have meant decrease in taxes or decrease in debt but instead debt increased. My assumption is that this is because of an decrease in state overhead and state investment efficiency.

Health expenses have risen faster than GDP across the entire developed world.

I'm sure that is correct. What do you think is the right way to cover health care costs? Here some options: 1. Using corporate tax paid by organizations. 2. Using income tax paid by individuals. 3. Independently from taxes - via private insurance. 4. Using whatever tax a state get through with.

I'm interested in your opinion (also other ideas you might have).

I think taxes should have a specific purpose. Surely CO2 and noise tax are not enough to cover a minimum state infrastructure. VAT should be the only general purpose tax though.

I'm not sure and I don't think it's a simple problem.

What I do know for sure is that if we hold a referendum in almost any country in the world, asking:

"Would you like your total taxes reduced by 10%? Yes / No"

"Yes" will win. People always want to reduce taxes, but they don't want to give up anything in return.