It could also be low levels of sex hormones in general - having neither estrogen nor testosterone in your body causes osteoporosis, for example. Excess testosterone is metabolized into estrogen, as well.
But the endocrine system is ferociously complex - maybe endocrine abnormalities are a proxy for obesity, or an underlying thyroid issue etc.
According to [0], vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher free testosterone in men and lower estradiol in women. Higher testosterone is associated with cardiovascular problems, which are a big COVID risk factor.
But that doesn't jib well with the study you find, so I dunno what to make of it.
But the endocrine system is ferociously complex - maybe endocrine abnormalities are a proxy for obesity, or an underlying thyroid issue etc.
According to [0], vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher free testosterone in men and lower estradiol in women. Higher testosterone is associated with cardiovascular problems, which are a big COVID risk factor.
But that doesn't jib well with the study you find, so I dunno what to make of it.
0. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5218632/#__ffn_...