This technology (or at least variants) already exists. Image upscaling with convolutional neural nets is an old trick at this point, but with Nvidia integrating real-time denoising into their RTX technology I suspect that real-time upscaling is right around the corner if someone hasn't done it already.

[0]https://developer.nvidia.com/optix [1]https://topazlabs.com/gigapixel-ai/