Unless it's a steel company startup in a country with a newly discovered iron and/or coal resource, or a taxi startup in a country with no previous taxis.

Why steel workers? I find it difficult to imagine that startups would "disrupt" heavy industries like steel production.

But even for programmers, I wonder if start-ups are actually generating sufficient jobs now.

I doubt it. Even for programmers effects of start-up scene are not allways positive.

This is also my initial impression. But is there any published study in favor or against this view?